collapse in May 2008, the ruling dynasty in Nepal, Chess and the abolition of the monarchy in this country drew world attention to the soaring Himalayan kingdom. The dramatic events associated with accession to the throne and the reign of King Gyanendra (2001-2008), namely, launched back in 1996, Maoist rebellion, the massacre of the royal family at the beginning of June 2001, and finally a state of emergency in February 2005 (which does not helped the king to save the throne), overshadowed somewhat events around the other, little known, located in the same region of the monarchy, which has been existing since 1380 (or 1450 - not as to the compatibility of the literature) The Kingdom of Mustang.
remaining from its very beginnings under the same dynasty, Tibetan, and we gave the prince Ame Pal, the State was occupied by speaking of the Tibetan-Burmese group of people called the Lo or Lopa. As the only part of Tibet is not included in People's China in 1951 to 1991 and remained closed to foreigners. As a result, total and prolonged isolation Mustang from the rest of the world have been preserved in its traditional customs and rituals before and after the uprising in Tibet, the Dalai Lama institution, and the current population until recently laws have been established not later than the seventh century AD The inhabitants of the land Lopów was practiced polyandry, while among the brethren in the second consecutive family in terms of seniority was allocated to the monastery, while the other took a common wife. This custom has evolved into as much because of the dearth of women as economic conditions forcing a man to the long-term leaving the house to him away from work as a shepherd, a merchant or a porter. Religious life meant to the boys initially were sent to nearby Tibet to study at local monasteries lamaickiej theology, however, after elimination of most of these monasteries by the Chinese authorities closed the border for foreigners to Tibet, they go out to Bhutan or Ladakh India, after his return and settle in one of the thirteen existing Buddhist monasteries in Mustang.
economy of the Kingdom for centuries was based on the collection of customs duties in trade between Tibet and India, where the king's officials were involved in conducting the cash income to the monarch, and the intermediary in this trade, then engaged in ordinary residents. In winter they went to Tibet to there on the backs of yaks carry the salt and cotton in summer, in turn, transported on mules and donkeys in the south in the valley and there sold to merchants from the tribe Thakalów, which the Nepalese Government in 1890 granted the exclusive privilege of trade with Tibet. Secondary source of income has been and continues to be agriculture, which, however, to the barren lands and high altitude, has not shown in the past or is now producing enough crops abundant food to feed the population Lopów with therefore they come down the missing plant products from neighboring areas.
Mustang remained in the land formally owned by the monarch, the various leases were inherited by the oldest child and the family and could not be sold or divided into smaller parts. Livestock, buildings and all property was owned by farmers. The largest layer of society was a group called szelwa , something at which dealt with the merchants and leasing small farms. Much less importance was poor and socially marginalized position dedicated group righin , while the royal family and the aristocratic families living in Mathangu and its close vicinity, in their hands collecting revenue from customs duties, were classified in dealing with the most important and privileged position Kutak group, called Bista also .
crisis of the traditional social system has come under the reign of Tenzing Trandula Angina (1935-1955), when in 1951 the neighboring Tibet was occupied by China Folklore. Four years later, Nepal was admitted to the United Nations and established diplomatic relations China signed an agreement with them on friendship and economic cooperation. For establishing relations with China's integration has gone to play for the acquisition of the Nepalese kingdom, which is a game the other parties were India, the Soviet Union and the United States. Activation of China's policy in the Himalayas, among other things meant wybuchłego crackdown in 1959 uprising in Tibet, after the defeat of the southern border state of China's Dalai Lama has been closed to foreigners, which in turn had lead to the collapse of trade as the main source of living for residents of Mustang. To make matters worse, in the country there are thousands of refugees from behind the northern border, who settled in the lands of the Kingdom przyprowadzając have numerous herds of cattle, horses and sheep. Rapid denudation of pastures and without it only with difficulty eating animals raised by the locals was the reason for the collapse of the environmental and economic sustainability of the monarchy. Famine and epidemics przetrzebiły first animal populations, but then hit both Lopów and migrant Tibetans. The year 1960 brought a border agreement signed by the prime ministers of China, People's Chou En-laya (1949-1976) and Nepal Biszeswara Prasad Koirala (1959-1960), in accordance with which China has agreed to grant to Nepal more than 800 square kilometers nadgranicznego territory, including half Czomolungma mountains, villages and Kimathanka thud on the east border, pass Nara and pastures in the vicinity of Rasuwy, finally, the territories of the Kingdom of Mustang and areas located on the river Jum.
border delimitation was born as a result of the end of the formally recognized the independence of the Mustang, although its ruler Angun Tenzig Trandul (1958-1964) remained identified with the title of royal dignity of the Rajah, besides the right to appoint successors to the throne among its sons and an army colonel Nepal. Heir to the throne of the son Jigme Dorje Trandul (1964-2008, sometimes also known as Jigme Bista Trandal) retained its power in the northern part of the country known as Upper Mustang. In the sixties and seventies, land converted into Nepali district of Mustang served as a base for weapons and supplied with materials by the partisans fighting the CIA aircraft to Chinese rule in Tibet (the Dalai Lama's appeal to end the war, most of them stopped fighting and settled in refugee camps in Nepal). Dethronement of the last monarch has until 8 November 2008, the Nepalese cabinet minister by the Republican-dominated Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).
reminder in these few paragraphs about the end of the existence of persistent basically unchanged to this day a medieval monarchy in the upper Kali Gandaki valley, was to draw attention to the sometimes unjustly neglected environments tradycjonalistyczno-monarchist correlation between the duration or the Order of the traditional restaurant in a place external world and its political environment. Deprivation of power ruling dynasty in the country people was the result of a settlement Lo forced King Gyanendra of Nepal Maoists kindled by the civil war, which resulted in a settlement is finally deprived of the throne.
resulting from elections in 1994 with a split in the United People's Front Nepal (also known as the Unity Center), a new group called the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) has not been registered by the electoral commission and then passed into partisan activities. Under the direction of Puszy Kahala Dahala (known as the President Prahandra) and Dr Bhattarai Baburama not only the Maoists took control of significant part of Nepal, but also have established cooperation with the Maoist Communist Centre of fighting in the Indian state of Bihar, the People's Group from the war in Andhra Pradesh and the separatist organizations like The United Liberation Front of Assam.
Remember the fact that the Nepalese Maoists derive their support primarily from the people of Nepal Teraju lowlands, which are descendants of the incoming population for the past two hundred years of Biharu and speaking the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indians of the northern states of India - Hindi and Urdu, and Bengali, majthili and bhodźpuri1. Political elites associated with the court of the Nepali recruited mainly from among the peoples who came from India and settled in the western Himalayan region of Small from the thirteenth century. Until the fifties of the twentieth century all the key positions in the civil service and military were filled by the Brahmins and Ćhetrijów2 (the name is a distorted version of the word "kszatrija" - as in the case of caste Brahmins gave rise to distinct ethnicity, and caste became the name of this group ethnonym ), used by them Nepali language became the language of state and in the Kathmandu Valley displace native language of the tribe Newarów3. Among Ćhetrijów originated among rams, whose representatives held the hereditary function of the prime ministers of Nepal, 1849 (Prime Minister was then Dżang Bahadur Kunwar) until 1950, Sam Dynasty Chess originated from forming ćhetrijowską Thakurów aristocracy.
While the inhabitants of the mountains are seen as nationalists, so much closer to the Indian culture and also representing more than 50% of the population of Nepal Teraju residents sympathize with India. The meeting, which occurred in August 2001 between representatives of the Nepalese Maoists and the other represented by the aforementioned Indian Maoist groups (called naxalitów, engaged since 1967 in eastern India, a guerrilla war on the basis of the lowest castes and population pozakastową) in the town of Siliguri in West Bengal, where he is stationed a unit of Indian intelligence, seem to suggest that both the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Wajpaji (1998-2004), and behind him the Indian People's Party, lost confidence in the court in Kathmandu and decided to use the partisan movement in his own country to undermine the increasingly less convenient for them kingship in the neighboring country. Such a situation would not have otherwise nothing new in the Indo-Nepalese relations since the withdrawal in 1951 from the power house of rams, the exercise of the function of hereditary prime ministers of Nepal and the government takeover by King Tribhuwana (1911-1955), and politicians supporting him Nepal National Congress (formed in 1947 in Calcutta and the first section of which the Indian National Congress) has been possible thanks to the inspired daring escape to India in November 1950 before the monarch ubezwłasnowolnionego subordinate to the Prime Minister Mohanowi Szemszerowi (1948-1951) civil servants. Agreement the completion of the guerrilla, wznieconych nepalskiemu against the government by guerrillas operating from the inspiration of the Congress and the king, and probably came to fruition, despite incurring ongoing disaster at the front by guerrillas, due to pressure from Indian Prime Minister Nehru Dżawaharlala (1947-1964). So the key to political developments in Nepal after the withdrawal of the Indian peninsula in support of the British power rams would be decisions in New Delhi. It was India's prime ministers were able to give real power in Nepal kings of the dynasty of Chess, as well as deprive them of, which was made in 2008 using for this purpose the Maoists and the party considered to be closely related to the Nepal-India Congress. Political changes and political changes in Nepal have led to the abolition of the monarchy last traditionalist in this region, which had managed to survive in the Upper Mustang in the form of relic forty-eight years.
Ronald Lasecki
first Natives speak Teraju which are in use today in some parts of the tongues tharu, danuwar, dhangar, Satar. Tharowie porozrzucani live in a few too many tribal groups in western and central part of the country, the wooded area south of the Siwalik mountain range. Partially retained their traditional religion and its priests, called guruwa (hereditary priests are called wioskowi desbandhija , priests, family and ghar ). Adjacent dwell ThaRow trudniący agriculture and fisheries and Madźhiowie Danuwarowie and focused exclusively on fish catches Darajowie. Indigenous groups are living in Satarowie and Morang districts Dźhapa, Dhangarowie living in areas between the districts Sarlahi and Morang, Dhimalowie living in a number of about eight thousand in the district Dźhapa, and the most numerous of them all, also live in southern India, Radźbansi (the latter created the former is distinct from its neighbors Gerard nation, but which at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was almost complete hinduizacji).
second Ćhetrijowie are very equal in terms of caste and clan, while among the Brahmins is distinguished by a separate podcasts purbija , kumain and dźajsi , the first two most likely come from groups arriving at different time and settled in different places.
third Language Newarów Bhasa Newari belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese group, while they themselves are regarded as immigrants from the northern Himalayas (although because of the similarity of the language of the living speech of the people on the Coast Malabarskim Nairów considering also their origin from southern India). Their community is divided into the followers of Hinduism and Buddhism, besides the twenty-six castes, among whom the members of the last six are considered "untouchables."
remaining from its very beginnings under the same dynasty, Tibetan, and we gave the prince Ame Pal, the State was occupied by speaking of the Tibetan-Burmese group of people called the Lo or Lopa. As the only part of Tibet is not included in People's China in 1951 to 1991 and remained closed to foreigners. As a result, total and prolonged isolation Mustang from the rest of the world have been preserved in its traditional customs and rituals before and after the uprising in Tibet, the Dalai Lama institution, and the current population until recently laws have been established not later than the seventh century AD The inhabitants of the land Lopów was practiced polyandry, while among the brethren in the second consecutive family in terms of seniority was allocated to the monastery, while the other took a common wife. This custom has evolved into as much because of the dearth of women as economic conditions forcing a man to the long-term leaving the house to him away from work as a shepherd, a merchant or a porter. Religious life meant to the boys initially were sent to nearby Tibet to study at local monasteries lamaickiej theology, however, after elimination of most of these monasteries by the Chinese authorities closed the border for foreigners to Tibet, they go out to Bhutan or Ladakh India, after his return and settle in one of the thirteen existing Buddhist monasteries in Mustang.
economy of the Kingdom for centuries was based on the collection of customs duties in trade between Tibet and India, where the king's officials were involved in conducting the cash income to the monarch, and the intermediary in this trade, then engaged in ordinary residents. In winter they went to Tibet to there on the backs of yaks carry the salt and cotton in summer, in turn, transported on mules and donkeys in the south in the valley and there sold to merchants from the tribe Thakalów, which the Nepalese Government in 1890 granted the exclusive privilege of trade with Tibet. Secondary source of income has been and continues to be agriculture, which, however, to the barren lands and high altitude, has not shown in the past or is now producing enough crops abundant food to feed the population Lopów with therefore they come down the missing plant products from neighboring areas.
Mustang remained in the land formally owned by the monarch, the various leases were inherited by the oldest child and the family and could not be sold or divided into smaller parts. Livestock, buildings and all property was owned by farmers. The largest layer of society was a group called szelwa , something at which dealt with the merchants and leasing small farms. Much less importance was poor and socially marginalized position dedicated group righin , while the royal family and the aristocratic families living in Mathangu and its close vicinity, in their hands collecting revenue from customs duties, were classified in dealing with the most important and privileged position Kutak group, called Bista also .
crisis of the traditional social system has come under the reign of Tenzing Trandula Angina (1935-1955), when in 1951 the neighboring Tibet was occupied by China Folklore. Four years later, Nepal was admitted to the United Nations and established diplomatic relations China signed an agreement with them on friendship and economic cooperation. For establishing relations with China's integration has gone to play for the acquisition of the Nepalese kingdom, which is a game the other parties were India, the Soviet Union and the United States. Activation of China's policy in the Himalayas, among other things meant wybuchłego crackdown in 1959 uprising in Tibet, after the defeat of the southern border state of China's Dalai Lama has been closed to foreigners, which in turn had lead to the collapse of trade as the main source of living for residents of Mustang. To make matters worse, in the country there are thousands of refugees from behind the northern border, who settled in the lands of the Kingdom przyprowadzając have numerous herds of cattle, horses and sheep. Rapid denudation of pastures and without it only with difficulty eating animals raised by the locals was the reason for the collapse of the environmental and economic sustainability of the monarchy. Famine and epidemics przetrzebiły first animal populations, but then hit both Lopów and migrant Tibetans. The year 1960 brought a border agreement signed by the prime ministers of China, People's Chou En-laya (1949-1976) and Nepal Biszeswara Prasad Koirala (1959-1960), in accordance with which China has agreed to grant to Nepal more than 800 square kilometers nadgranicznego territory, including half Czomolungma mountains, villages and Kimathanka thud on the east border, pass Nara and pastures in the vicinity of Rasuwy, finally, the territories of the Kingdom of Mustang and areas located on the river Jum.
border delimitation was born as a result of the end of the formally recognized the independence of the Mustang, although its ruler Angun Tenzig Trandul (1958-1964) remained identified with the title of royal dignity of the Rajah, besides the right to appoint successors to the throne among its sons and an army colonel Nepal. Heir to the throne of the son Jigme Dorje Trandul (1964-2008, sometimes also known as Jigme Bista Trandal) retained its power in the northern part of the country known as Upper Mustang. In the sixties and seventies, land converted into Nepali district of Mustang served as a base for weapons and supplied with materials by the partisans fighting the CIA aircraft to Chinese rule in Tibet (the Dalai Lama's appeal to end the war, most of them stopped fighting and settled in refugee camps in Nepal). Dethronement of the last monarch has until 8 November 2008, the Nepalese cabinet minister by the Republican-dominated Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).
reminder in these few paragraphs about the end of the existence of persistent basically unchanged to this day a medieval monarchy in the upper Kali Gandaki valley, was to draw attention to the sometimes unjustly neglected environments tradycjonalistyczno-monarchist correlation between the duration or the Order of the traditional restaurant in a place external world and its political environment. Deprivation of power ruling dynasty in the country people was the result of a settlement Lo forced King Gyanendra of Nepal Maoists kindled by the civil war, which resulted in a settlement is finally deprived of the throne.
resulting from elections in 1994 with a split in the United People's Front Nepal (also known as the Unity Center), a new group called the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) has not been registered by the electoral commission and then passed into partisan activities. Under the direction of Puszy Kahala Dahala (known as the President Prahandra) and Dr Bhattarai Baburama not only the Maoists took control of significant part of Nepal, but also have established cooperation with the Maoist Communist Centre of fighting in the Indian state of Bihar, the People's Group from the war in Andhra Pradesh and the separatist organizations like The United Liberation Front of Assam.
Remember the fact that the Nepalese Maoists derive their support primarily from the people of Nepal Teraju lowlands, which are descendants of the incoming population for the past two hundred years of Biharu and speaking the languages \u200b\u200bof the Indians of the northern states of India - Hindi and Urdu, and Bengali, majthili and bhodźpuri1. Political elites associated with the court of the Nepali recruited mainly from among the peoples who came from India and settled in the western Himalayan region of Small from the thirteenth century. Until the fifties of the twentieth century all the key positions in the civil service and military were filled by the Brahmins and Ćhetrijów2 (the name is a distorted version of the word "kszatrija" - as in the case of caste Brahmins gave rise to distinct ethnicity, and caste became the name of this group ethnonym ), used by them Nepali language became the language of state and in the Kathmandu Valley displace native language of the tribe Newarów3. Among Ćhetrijów originated among rams, whose representatives held the hereditary function of the prime ministers of Nepal, 1849 (Prime Minister was then Dżang Bahadur Kunwar) until 1950, Sam Dynasty Chess originated from forming ćhetrijowską Thakurów aristocracy.
While the inhabitants of the mountains are seen as nationalists, so much closer to the Indian culture and also representing more than 50% of the population of Nepal Teraju residents sympathize with India. The meeting, which occurred in August 2001 between representatives of the Nepalese Maoists and the other represented by the aforementioned Indian Maoist groups (called naxalitów, engaged since 1967 in eastern India, a guerrilla war on the basis of the lowest castes and population pozakastową) in the town of Siliguri in West Bengal, where he is stationed a unit of Indian intelligence, seem to suggest that both the Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Wajpaji (1998-2004), and behind him the Indian People's Party, lost confidence in the court in Kathmandu and decided to use the partisan movement in his own country to undermine the increasingly less convenient for them kingship in the neighboring country. Such a situation would not have otherwise nothing new in the Indo-Nepalese relations since the withdrawal in 1951 from the power house of rams, the exercise of the function of hereditary prime ministers of Nepal and the government takeover by King Tribhuwana (1911-1955), and politicians supporting him Nepal National Congress (formed in 1947 in Calcutta and the first section of which the Indian National Congress) has been possible thanks to the inspired daring escape to India in November 1950 before the monarch ubezwłasnowolnionego subordinate to the Prime Minister Mohanowi Szemszerowi (1948-1951) civil servants. Agreement the completion of the guerrilla, wznieconych nepalskiemu against the government by guerrillas operating from the inspiration of the Congress and the king, and probably came to fruition, despite incurring ongoing disaster at the front by guerrillas, due to pressure from Indian Prime Minister Nehru Dżawaharlala (1947-1964). So the key to political developments in Nepal after the withdrawal of the Indian peninsula in support of the British power rams would be decisions in New Delhi. It was India's prime ministers were able to give real power in Nepal kings of the dynasty of Chess, as well as deprive them of, which was made in 2008 using for this purpose the Maoists and the party considered to be closely related to the Nepal-India Congress. Political changes and political changes in Nepal have led to the abolition of the monarchy last traditionalist in this region, which had managed to survive in the Upper Mustang in the form of relic forty-eight years.
Ronald Lasecki
first Natives speak Teraju which are in use today in some parts of the tongues tharu, danuwar, dhangar, Satar. Tharowie porozrzucani live in a few too many tribal groups in western and central part of the country, the wooded area south of the Siwalik mountain range. Partially retained their traditional religion and its priests, called guruwa (hereditary priests are called wioskowi desbandhija , priests, family and ghar ). Adjacent dwell ThaRow trudniący agriculture and fisheries and Madźhiowie Danuwarowie and focused exclusively on fish catches Darajowie. Indigenous groups are living in Satarowie and Morang districts Dźhapa, Dhangarowie living in areas between the districts Sarlahi and Morang, Dhimalowie living in a number of about eight thousand in the district Dźhapa, and the most numerous of them all, also live in southern India, Radźbansi (the latter created the former is distinct from its neighbors Gerard nation, but which at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was almost complete hinduizacji).
second Ćhetrijowie are very equal in terms of caste and clan, while among the Brahmins is distinguished by a separate podcasts purbija , kumain and dźajsi , the first two most likely come from groups arriving at different time and settled in different places.
third Language Newarów Bhasa Newari belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese group, while they themselves are regarded as immigrants from the northern Himalayas (although because of the similarity of the language of the living speech of the people on the Coast Malabarskim Nairów considering also their origin from southern India). Their community is divided into the followers of Hinduism and Buddhism, besides the twenty-six castes, among whom the members of the last six are considered "untouchables."
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