Jozef Bohdan Zaleski as the national bard and the bard tradition Homeland our lifelong condition - Compatriots!
ustawnie Why, ćwiczym to in the duties of the state,
And cold, hungry, without a hut, without pay, as we can
służym the nation and the Lord! Jozef Bohdan Zaleski
Spółtułaczom "(1860)
Jozef Bohdan Zaleski (1802, Bohatyrka - 1886, Villepreux) was one of the greatest, as well as for his life, the most popular Polish writers Romantic poetry. He co-founded called it. "Ukrainian school", but it represented mainly by Antoni Malczewski and Seweryn Goszczyński. Today is totally a misunderstood poet. His absence in the current cycle mean a great loss not only, in general, for the Polish cultural life, but also, in particular, for the Polish right wing, which may (and, in our view, should) be found in its heritage a source of inspiration for yourself, just as the sources of such finds in the heritage of other protagonists of Polish Romanticism: Count Zygmunt Krasinski
(1812-1859),
Norwid (1821-1883) and, in some respects,
Adam Mickiewicz (1798-1855). Significant work of Zaleski's certificate issued by the fact that many of them praised the Polish conservatives, including OO. Resurrectionists, belonging to the reaction "pentarchii Petersburg"
Michal Grabowski (1804-1863), Ultramontane
Fr. Jan Koźmian (1814-1877) and Krakow Stańczycy -
prof. Szujski Joseph (1835-1883) and Professor
. Count Stanislaw Tarnowski (1837-1917). Throughout
Zaleski life felt as a person and as a poet, a special bond with the homeland - the Ukraine. There certainly is a direct conflict with the Polish national identity. Poland called their homeland, and Ukraine - original - its Matczyzną. Based on "
oldest Slavic written application in Nestor, Russian chronicler of medieval, said that the Polish and Ukrainian peoples have a common origin: the Poles are derived from the" Vistula
Polan, while Russians and Ukrainians from " Polan
Dnieper. The particular role of Ukraine in the works Zaleski stemmed from several reasons. On the one hand, the poet confessed view - very conservative - that guarantee the existence of order in a world of harmony between man and nature, according to type of man and nature in a higher order. In his eyes, the harmony that has survived in the Ukraine, while in other countries has been long lost. On the other hand, Ukraine is a country of steppes - a large space (in German
Grossraum ), with it, stimulates the spirit, a kind of mysticism. Finally, Ukraine was a land border. Borderland Christian civilization where the people come into contact with the people representing the non-Christian civilizations, Tartars and Turks, and where they had to repel invasions. On the open steppe pustaciach could not hide - ever had to face the enemy. History of Ukraine appeared to Zaleski as a band battles and wars in defense of the south-eastern borders of the Republic against invaders bisurmańskim - so the story of heroic. Its residents in fire-fighting frontiersmen have produced a warlike ethos in its sublime form, based on the idea of \u200b\u200bgenerous service to his homeland. The ethos is shaped by its own Borderland example of chiefs-zagończycy, overshadows his armor against the Republic of onslaught from the east and gromiący its enemies on the Ukrainian steppes. Forgotten today, many of these characters - the Crown Hetman Janusz Bieniawskiego, Cossack hetman Zaporojian Konaszewicz-Sahajdaczny Peter (1570-1622), leader of the Cossacks lowland governor Przecław Lanckoroński Khmelnytsky (died 1531), the legendary priest-emissary Jack Dominican Republic, originators of permanent establishment of the Cossacks border security forces and the governor czerkaskiego kaniowskiego Ostafi Dashkevich (c. 1455-1535) - reminiscent of the old glory songs Zaleski emerge from the dust of battle similar to Tolkien's heroes. To fight leads them invariably White Angel, as he called the people of St. Michael, appearing on a coat of arms and flags of Ukraine. By moving the stormy history of Ukraine in the world of myth, the poet sometimes he could not avoid passing the historical truth, such as in the song "Queen
Dumka Kosinski" (1822) reinvented by Krzysztof Kosinski (d. 1593), leader of the Cossack uprising against the Republic, the Polish knight defending her against the Tartars.
most important of the characters appearing in the works Zaleski Bojan remains. The Romantic era writers often invoked to life in the pages of his works, characters, through whose lips could speak to their compatriots in the tradition of his earliest, and therefore its purest form. In this way, for example, the Scottish poet James Macpherson romantic
(1736-1796) created the character of a bard Osjan, exponent of the Celtic tradition alive allegedly at the turn of Antiquity and Middle Ages. On the cards works Zaleski is alive and wandering Bojan, wonderful, majestic exponent of the Slavic tradition. It occurs first in the "Word on the expedition
Igor " Old Russian poem from the twelfth century. For Zaleski Bojan is the epitome of both guard and heroic history of the Slavs. Is the archetype of the poet - a poet who is spiritual (and not only) the leader of the nation, leading the nation to fight the invaders. Zaleski called himself "a grandson of Bojana" or "Bojaniczem (Bojana son) and his poetry described as" songs bojańskiej "or" pobojańskiej ", continues the tradition of Bojana.
Slavic heritage was one of the foundations of ideological orientation Zaleski. "God - World - Słowiaństwo - Polszcza - Ukraine" poet wrote about 1840 in the poem "Fifth in my gęśli", listing the most important points of reference for myself. He expressed the belief that the common origin of all Slavic nations, whose name had to be derived from the Word - the Word of God, and therefore signify his sons and messengers.
"
centuries before the word was in the beginning,
Slavs that goes from my thread with one word
plemiennicy all;
fame - Jeno latopiscy utters. "
- Zaleski wrote a short piece" The word
". He tried to personally assist in the work of the approach to each other Slavic nations. For this purpose he founded in Paris in 1835 (along with the likes of Adam Mickiewicz) Slavic Society, which had spread among the Poles, knowledge of other Slavic nations, or, as was the act of incorporation, draw their attention "to anything that
its what spółsłowiańskie - to fellow history and hymns, and speaking - for old memorabilia and new hopes . " One of the nations, for which he wanted to draw attention Zaleski Poles were Serbs - the poet translated into Polish or paraphrased a number of Serbian folk songs and historical, collected and issued by the father of modern Serbian literary Vuk Karadzic
(1787-1864). Among these works was primarily chivalrous poem "Tsar Lazar and
carzyca Milica", worth a battle fought at Kosovo Polje in 1389, by the Serbian knights against the overwhelming forces of the Muslim Turks - an event most important for the Serbian national tradition. In 1848 he also participated in the Slavic Congress in Prague, hoping that it will there support for the ideas propounded by myself.
for the poet's interest in promoting the Slavic world was hidden vision of the future unification of all Slavic countries - unite for which it may be presumed that it was in some way to realize the political level. Announced (or rather predicted) for each of the world unite Slavonic Zaleski was associated with the unification of Christianity - the settlement of the Eastern schism. Therefore, as patrons often mentioned the Slavs along St. And St. Paul. Basil, symbolizing respectively the western and eastern tradition of the Church. A place where the future will be the unification of Christianity, he saw where the Western and Eastern rites existed side by side for centuries - in Ukraine. Recalled in this context, Ukrainian folk belief according to which "the Lord's saints
some live in deserts and between Dnieper Bohem and pray there for Ukraine," and among them are Saints Paul and Basil. The unification of Christianity and the simultaneous unification of the Slavic world would make that the land reign of Christ order, in which all nations will find freedom in the first place, and the Slavic peoples, hitherto unjustly deprived of her - and this order will continue until the Parousia. Zaleski has put the prophecy in the mouth of one of his heroes of Ukraine, Father Jack:
"
The king of the Slavs from under the star ...
Lech white eagle nest!
score in the gold wand. Which
- Holy Spirit - the same uszczka. Faith United
behold,
The old nurse peoples,
Hence the world Here rozwielmoży ...
throne standing on a rock! And the governor
thunder God ...
trample dark powers of hell! ... The design
pogruchoce peoples.
Until God makes the wrath of the earth!
And amid flashes - beat thunder -
znijdzie Christ - after widomu! ... "
impulse to unite the Slavic world was out of the Polish, or rather - of the Republic, the political forms of bonded joint and the hallowed tradition of the heroic story of a common view of the Crown, Lithuania and Russia. Symbolic expression of this view was the trinity of three provinces their patrons, they exchange a single breath Zaleski: St. Stanislaus St. And St. Casimir. Josaphat. Poet, he expressed the conviction that this relationship is a fuse the organic, such as invocation contained the poem "Prayer for Poland
" (1840):
"
Mary, Mother, Queen of Heaven, in the three territories
your graces most renowned, Three
your lands - Lithuania - Rus - The Crown At
holy feet spread out before you!
Lithuania - Rus' - Poland - trójlistny a pansy, a pure virgin
otchnijże your flower! "
In his greatest work, the poem historiosophic" Spirit of the steppe
"(1836), portrayed Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine as the three sisters. Also honored the memory of the union Horodlo and Lublin, writing on their part of the song "The sounds of
! "(1861), which called for the former Commonwealth nations to the common struggle to throw off the invaders and the continuation of power union heritage - play a split of the partitions of a political body. When it comes to the Polish position in a united Slav world, Zaleski wrote of her as a "reigning
among the Slavs ", which however does not mean domination over the other Slavic peoples, but rather the leadership among them. Vision
Zaleski was also perceived geopolitical dimension. The Slavic world described by him were the geopolitical three vectors, respectively returned to the south, west and east. The first of these was associated with the poet's celebrated woman fighting the Slavs (Poles, Cossacks, and Serbs) against the oncoming onslaught of Islam in the south as the Turkish and Tartar invasions. The second expressed in the anti-German orientation, including the apparent in the "Spirit of the steppe
" where Zaleski spoke German invasions of the Slavs (Czechs, among others) made in the pre-Christian times. Third and finally expressed itself in anti-Russian orientation. The poet in his works often pictured as a country oppressive Russia the Slav nations. Russians did not think, moreover, the Slavic people, but "czudzki", ie Finnish origin; recognized as false idea about the origin of Russia from Kievan Slavic (Ruthenians-Ukrainians called for "perpetual" alliance with the Poles against Moscow), and in the poem "Polanski
grave" (1864) even described the Russians as "Turanian (...) the wilderness." Polish katorżników in Siberia called the "crusaders of the Lord." Consistently emphasized the need to fight against the onslaught of the Slavs both Germanic and Russian. He wrote "
murdered - and death - and no conciliator / No przedzierzgnie Pole or German Russians " and in the same breath exchanged joint Polish-Lithuanian army triumphs of Grunwald (against Germany) and of Orsza (anti-Moscow). The vision of geopolitical Zaleski included in the heritage allows him to be - alongside such
Adam Jerzy Czartoryski Prince (1770-1861) - one of the precursors of the later nineteenth-century ideas ISTHMUS (
Intermarium ), ie integration in the great geopolitical unit of the countries situated between Germany and Russia and between the Baltic seas, the Black and the Adriatic.
struggle of Poles and Slavs of all German and Russian domination could not be fulfilled without a strong, charismatic military and political leadership. In an appropriate manner many romantics, Zaleski announced the advent of in the near future, the leader of the nation, called by him in accordance with the Polish and Ukrainian tradition of the captain.
"
dreamed of a century of war wedding, the Grand Hetman
waited, I'm waiting
old, as I waited for the young,
Duma dum my, oh! niewyśpiewana. "
- mentioned in the poem"
Niewyśpiewana , "written in the seventies of the nineteenth century. In an earlier song "
consolation" (1864) and predicted:
"
grows in the desert a man of sorrows, more than
Chief reins over bard poets;
But she has to hide again, lightning
him into the circle of the herald. (...)
Ucichnij, my people! Focus on the ear!
already roar in the distance somewhere in ocean waves ...
husband is coming - go bard-captain in the glory of the fallen brothers
carry on the spirit. "
form Queen intertwined in the mind of the person Zaleski's spiritual leader, the poet - the poet's soul-expanding nation and leading it to fight the enemy. His archetype remains, of course, Bojan, and next to him, Homer, according to Zaleski - the first poet who became a true exponent of the spirit of his people. Zaleski, introduced by the symbol "circle of eternity", declaring that the poet, who manages to achieve a bond with people like Homeric, will be "in the circle of eternity
" alongside Homer. The bard is also a mediator between the nation and the spiritual world. He explains God's people and also submit a request to God people, so as to properly fulfill its mission, must remain in communication with the higher reality:
"
bard, a prisoner's death - trapped in the isthmus,
When will your cross - and the bane of prześni
- gets wings - and wzlata
the Guardian Angel in the area of \u200b\u200bthe universe.
(...)
bard there, between the depth and profundity,
controls like pigeon post,
Same spirits
Paradise gives news of happiness, earthly sorrows. "
advised to romance authors like to remind him cierpiętnictwa cult and that the accompanying tendency to fascination with national disasters, such as losses rise and taken the fight with no hope of victory. Zaleski is not confirmed by his example of such, rather caricature, stereotype romance: always preferred to describe the battle of winning than losing - recall the triumphs and the glory of the Slavic arms. At the same time undoubtedly included the romantic messianists. There remained, however, opposed Messianism varieties developed by Andrew Towianski which he saw as heresy - to the extent that broke friendship with Adam Mickiewicz, when he became towiańczykiem, and so departed from the teachings of the Church.
towianizmu hostility to the cause was in the deep Catholicism Zaleski. Religiosity, from which was famous poet, do not close if only in his private life, but also manifested itself in his work, even assuming the form of Catholic mysticism, for example, the line "
grief and grace" (1846) is a record of mystical experience, sustained by the author during prayerful meditation, as the subtitle informs, in the monastery "
Trappist Alsatian day Saint. Bernard 1846 years. " Catholicism Zaleski had a clear impact on his political beliefs or artistic. In the years 1835-1837 the poet briefly belonged to the leftist Polish Democratic Society, which broke due to return to the faith that if he survived. Słowacki was criticized as manifested in his poetry bezbożnictwo. Moreover, since the dawn of his existence, he maintained ties with the Order LTD. The Resurrection, the leading Polish émigré circles of spiritual work of the counterrevolution.
stereotype as a revolutionary romantic historicism Zaleski denied, finally, his love of the heritage of the past, in which a man in his eyes should be firmly rooted.
All these elements appear in a slightly esoteric, full of symbols of the poem "
Sen-Tree-seers " (1839). Poet outlined in the vision of a mysterious tree, standing somewhere on the Ukrainian steppes to guard the graves of their ancestors. It grew out "of the divine rosady
" and then "swore
" Bojan them yourself. Sen-Tree-seers mediates between the Lord God and man - "Slavic tribes
" forward "
news from heaven ". Who will feel the smell, or listen to the sound of his, he finds in his memory, "a hundred generations
happening." Zaleski called Slavs to return to this tree, announcing the first one to draw his wand at him, will be succeeded by Bojana. Symbol of Sleep-Trees-Wieszczego may be interpreted as a representation of the poet's ideas about the importance of tradition that comes from divine inspiration, but also rooted in his native land, dotted with the graves of ancestors, beyond man, sets him his place in the earthly world, while allowing to go beyond it - is the way contact with the sacred
. Representatives of the Romantic happy indeed reached for the tree symbol, such as a romantic conservative thinker (also considered by some - especially the left - the authors as a precursor of fascism)
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) opposed the vision of the world-tree (the world as an organic, living unity) characteristic of the thought of "enlightenment" vision of a world-machine (the world as a mechanical structure, governed the principles of utilitarianism). Not otherwise did and Zaleski - apart from the above examples, among others in the poem "
cedar " outlined Polish comparison to a cedar tree, which God threw primordium "
the skies, (...)
the plains between the two seas ."
deep and militant Catholicism, conservatism and historicism, the conviction of the need to return to orthodox Christian unity, and the chivalrous ethos stemming from the imperatives of service and homeland defense of Christian civilization, a vision of personalized, powerful, and with the spirited leadership of the nation, and finally the idea to unite the world Slavonic between Germany and Russia - are the reasons why the legacy of Joseph Bohdan Zaleski is a valuable source of inspiration for the Polish right-wing circles. Adam Danek
text is a record of speech delivered during the celebration of the 208th anniversary of the birth of Joseph Bohdan Zaleski, organized in Krakow by the Polish Organization Official Group, Little Poland neighborhood branch of the Falange and the Małopolska Conservative Club
-monarchist.
